Bab 3: Output Devices

Berdasarkan jenis media output:

• visual, tampilan, screen, display. Ada 2 komponen: monitor dan display adapter
• cetakan, printer, plotter
• suara, audio
• proses untuk alat lain

3.1. Monitor (screen / display)

Jenis monitor:

• cathode ray tube (CRT)
• Flat Panel display:
  • LCD: Liquid crystal diode / display : biasa digunakan untuk laptop
  • EL : Electro Luminescent
  • Gas Plasma
  • --> LED : Light Emitting Diodes, untuk tampilan besar, illuminate traffic light

Mempertimbangkan:

• Display technology - Currently, the choices are mainly between CRT and LCD technologies.
• Cable technology - VGA and DVI are the two most common.
• Viewable area (usually measured diagonally) : 14", 15", .. 21"
• Aspect ratio and orientation (landscape or portrait) : standard 3 banding 4 (3:4), widescreen
• Maximum resolution
• Dot pitch
• Refresh rate
• Color depth
• Amount of power consumption : daya yang diperlukan. Hemat energi = energy star compliant

3.1.1. Monitor CRT

Cara kerja: ..

Jenis: Monochrome, Color

Istilah-istilah: pixel, electron gun, shadow mask, interlace / noninterlace, refresh rate (scan rate) : 60 kali per detik, dot pitch 0.28 mm

Resolusi: jumlah pixel yang ditampilkan sebuah monitor. contoh: resolusi 640x480

3.1.2. Display adapter / video controller

Display adapter yang banyak dipergunakan:

• HGC : Hercules Graphics Card, 4 color
• CGA: Color Graphic Adapter. 8 colors
• EGA : Enhanced Graphics Adapter, 16 colors.
• VGA :Video Graphics Array, resolusi: 640x480 atau 320x200.
  De facto sebagai standard untuk PC : setiap jenis VGA dan turunannya (SuperVGA, XGA, UXGA) yang lebih canggih harus dapat tampil pada VGA-mode
• SVGA: Super VGA. Manufactur menambah warna (16 juta) dan resolusi (1280x1024, 1600x1200).
  • UXGA: Ultra Extended Graphics Array
• XGA : eXtended Graphic Adapter, resolusi: 640x480, 1024x768

Warna-warna yang dapat ditampilkan:

• 4 bit = 16 warna
• 8 bit = 256 warna
• 16 bit = 65.536 warna (high color)
• 24 bit atau lebih: 16,7juta warna atau lebih (true color)

Kapasitas memori controller: mengurangi beban kerja processor

3.1.3. Monitor LCD

Liquid = cair; crystal.
Mengatur kristal (cell, pixel) agar mempolarisasikan cahaya.
Idenya: setiap cell berlaku seperti prisma yang membiaskan cahaya matahari (putih) menjadi warna tertentu.

Bahan (jenis) crystal yang digunakan:

• Pasive matrix: dual scan LCD, indium-tin oxide
• Active matrix: thin film transistor (TFT)

Kekurangan LCD (dibanding CRT): respon lambat, dan kesulitan mengatur tegangan setiap pixel.

3.2. Printer

Aspek:

• Ukuran kehalusan cetak (resolusi): dpi (dot per inch)
• Ukuran kecepatan : cps (character per second), ppm (page per minutes), lpm (line per minute)

Istilah: hardcopy, printout, print head

3.2.1. Jenis-jenis Printer

• Impact printer : benturan
  • dot matrix printer
  • daisy wheel printer
  • line printer
    • wheel, drum, chain, band printer
• non-impact printer
  • inkjet, bublejet : use a series of nozzles to spray drops of ink directly on the paper.
    • photo printer, IRIS printer
    • kualitas tinta dan kertas supaya setiap dot dapat diserap oleh kertas dengan baik dan tidak melebar (blobor?).
  • laser printer : use dry ink (toner), static electricity, and heat to place and bond the ink onto the paper
  • --> Solid ink printers contain sticks of wax-like ink that are melted and applied to the paper. The ink then hardens in place.
  • thermal printer
    • direct thermal, thermal wax transfer, thermal dye transfer

3.3. Sound output

• speaker: internal PC, external
• sound card
• standard: Soundblaster, microsoft

3.4. Video Output

• Multimedia projector
• LCD Projector
• Digital Light Projector

3.5. Output device lainnya:

• Plotter
  • flatbed plotter
  • drum plotter
• COM=computer output microfilm
  • microfilm
  • microfiche
• voice output
  • proses: speech synthesis
  • alat: voice synthesizer, voice output device, audio response unit
  • metode
    • synthesis by analysis
    • synthesis by rule

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Monitor

http://computer.howstuffworks.com/monitor1.htm

1981: Color Graphics Adapter (CGA); 320x200 pixel, 4 colors
1984: Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA)

Perhatikan connector pada monitor dan Video controller harus sesuai:

• VGA Connector : output Video controller berupa sinyal analog
• Digital Video Interface (DVI) : output Video controller digital

CRT

High-energy beam of electron,
tiny dots (pixel),
3 warna dasar: RGB = Red Green Blue

When purchasing a display, you have a number of decisions to make. These decisions affect how well your display will perform for you, how much it will cost and how much information you will be able to view with it. Your decisions include:

• Display technology - Currently, the choices are mainly between CRT and LCD technologies.
• Cable technology - VGA and DVI are the two most common.
• Viewable area (usually measured diagonally)
• Aspect ratio and orientation (landscape or portrait)
• Maximum resolution
• Dot pitch
• Refresh rate
• Color depth
• Amount of power consumption
• 
  

Gas Plasma Monitor

LCD: Polarisasi cahaya.

LCD sederhana pada kalkulator. Beberapa liquid crystal meneruskan cahaya (menghasilkan cahaya / menyala) dan beberapa yang lain menutup (gelap). Status membuka atau menutup setiap liquid crystal diatur melalui elektrode-elektrode kecil yang terhubung.

The LCD needed to do this job is very basic. It has a mirror (A) in back, which makes it reflective. Then, we add a piece of glass (B) with a polarizing film on the bottom side, and a common electrode plane (C) made of indium-tin oxide on top. A common electrode plane covers the entire area of the LCD. Above that is the layer of liquid crystal substance (D). Next comes another piece of glass (E) with an electrode in the shape of the rectangle on the bottom and, on top, another polarizing film (F), at a right angle to the first one.

Polarisasi, membelokan cahaya dengan warna tertentu. Pada posisi tertentu meneruskan warna kuning, posisi lain warna merah. Juga warna-warna lain di antara kuning-merah (gabungan).

Inkjet Printer

Epson Inkjet printer: klik pada lampu merah untuk melihat animasi.

Bublejet Printer

Canon dan Hewlet Packard : thermal bublejet printer: klik pada lampu merah untuk melihat animasi. Heater memanaskan udara, menghasilkan gelembung yang mendorong tinta di bawahnya untuk keluar dari ujung jarum.

Laser Printer

Drum yang digunakan terbuat dari material yang photoconductive, peka terhadap sinar photons. Mengikat bubuk tinta (toner) dan kemudian tinta tersebut direkatkan ke atas kertas.

Sumber: home.unpar.ac.id/~gatut/kuliah/PTI/2003-1/3-Output-devices.html

latihan tugas

Latihan Tugas Pengantar Tekhnologi Informasi
Lengkapi
Decimal Biner Octal hexadesimal
325 101000101 505 145
123 1111011 173 7 B
85 1010101 125 55
411 110011011 633 19

Langkah-langkah
1.)325 (Desimal) :101000101 Biner(2)
325
2-------1
162
2-------0
81
2-------1
40
2------0
20
2------0
10
2------0
5
2------1
2
2-----0
1

_325 Desimal = 505 oktal(8)
325
8-------5
40
8------0
5

_325 Desimal = 145 Hexadesimal (16)
325
16-----5
20
16----4
1

2.) a. 2^6 2^5 2^4 2^3 2^2 2^1 2^0
64*1 32*1 16*1 8*1 4*0 2*1 1*1
64 32 16 8 0 2 1

64+32+16+8+2+1 = 123


b.123 Desimal = 173 oktal
123
8---------3
15
8--------7
1

c. 123 Desimal = 7 B hexadesimal
123
16------11
7

3.) a. 125 oktal = 85 desimal

8^2 8^1 8^0
64 8 1
1 2 5
64 16 5
Desimal =64+16+5 = 85

b.85 Desimal =1010101 biner (2)
85
2------1
42
2-----0
21
2-----1
10
2------0
5
2------1
2
2-----0
1


c. 85 Desimal =55 hexadesimal
85
16-----5
5


4.) a. 19 B hexadesimal = 411 desimal

16^2 16^1 16^0
256 16 1
1 9 B
1 9 11
256 144 11


b. 411 hexadesimal = 110011011 biner
411
2-------1
205
2------1
102
2-------0
51
2-------1
25
2-------1
12
2------0
6
2------0
3
2-------1
1

c. 411 desimal = 633 oktal
411
8--------3
51
8-------3
6